Development milestones
Designer: Tupolev Design Bureau
First flight: 4 October 1968 ( 1968-10-04 )
機型庫Tupolev Tu-154
Pedro Aragão · CC BY-SA 3.0 · An East Line Tupolev Tu-154M.Tupolev Tu-154
A three-engine airliner that became a mainstay of Soviet and Russian passenger transport.
Airliner設定檔選項：1 個
瞭解飛機
Tupolev designed the Tu-154 in the 1960s for medium-range routes. Three rear-mounted engines and a high horizontal tail formed its outline. It served across the Soviet Union, its successor states and overseas airlines. Felis represents the Tu-154M; the original product and community continuations support different versions.
Tu-154M in Czech government service; the B-2 uses different engines and weights.
A move into the Tu-154 brings a different pace of work
Epishkin had hoped to move to the Il-76, but that opportunity did not work out. He eventually accepted the invitation to join Tu-154 flying at Minsk. Compared with the Yak-40, the larger aircraft demanded closer attention as speed built after a change of attitude. The adjustment was part of learning a more complicated machine.
He was comfortable remaining a copilot after his earlier experience in command. In the interview, he describes the captain’s work as keeping track of the engineer, navigator and other pilot while also doing his own job. Having already known the responsibilities of command, Epishkin did not feel driven to repeat that career step.
Learning the same aircraft through different captains
Okan remembered beginning Tu-154 airline work in Krasnoyarsk with three experienced captains whose methods were broadly consistent. As a very new copilot, he welcomed their continuing instruction and credited them with teaching him well within the circumstances of the time. Their similar approach gave him a relatively steady introduction to the aircraft.
Moving to Sibir brought captains with more individual preferences. He learned that a technique accepted on one flight might be criticised on another. Later, among crews drawn from several different backgrounds in Moscow, he was struck by how the same aircraft and operating manual could produce different interpretations.
Leaving the Tupolev closes a chapter of a pilot’s life
Kochemasov’s diary marked the end of his Tu-154 years with sadness. Almost a decade had passed since he first took its controls, and moving on felt like closing a chapter of his life. Even after conversion to another airliner, the Tupolev remained the aircraft against which he found himself making comparisons.
The interview does not present that attachment as an inability to enjoy the new work. He also recalled his first flight as a Boeing 737 captain with pleasure. Affection for the Tu-154 coexisted with the satisfaction of learning and flying its successor.
公開來源 7
- Tupolev Tu-154Research background · retrieved 2026-09-12
- Tu-154MOfficial developer / designated store catalogue · checked 2026-09-12
- Interview with civil aviation pilot S. L. EpishkinOleg Korytov · August 2016; translated summary of the interview
- Испытательный срок — Пилот в Песочнице 2Authorised publisher preview; selected recollections of Tu-154 flying in 2003–2004
- Отлетался, родимыйEduard Vorotnikov · 22 January 2010; translated summary
- ICAO Doc 8643 — aircraft type designatorsPublic search data retrieved 2026-09-14; authority update 2026-09-03
- Tu-154 transport aircraft, historical fleet recordCzech Ministry of Defence historical Tu-154 fleet page, technical table explicitly for Tu-154M.
設定檔如何建模
Tupolev Tu-154
Free + ProX-Plane 11
Tupolev designed the Tu-154 in the 1960s for medium-range routes. Three rear-mounted engines and a high horizontal tail formed its outline. It served across the Soviet Union, its successor states and overseas airlines. Felis represents the Tu-154M; the original product and community continuations support different versions.
This starting point selects Tupolev Tu-154. Its aircraft-level settings do not select a particular developer’s custom systems.
The profile supplies the selected powered-transport resistance. Spring resistance builds with the selected airspeed response. A separate aerodynamic term adds speed-dependent control load.
Configured pitch relief retains the represented cockpit’s trim scope. Valid trim provides the configured pressure relief. Autopilot following is enabled for supported control references.
Controls and trim
The Tu154M uses three rear-mounted engines and a high tail for medium-range transport. Felis’ original simulation and community continuations have separately identified versions around the cockpit’s period automatic-flight and crew systems.
About the values
The gains are normalized profile settings. They describe the chosen effect balance; hand force depends on the device and its output limits. IAS references are tuning values rather than operating limits. Physical acceptance of this revision remains pending.
Master gain & control system
Master gain85%
施加於模型產出的一切、在裝置上限之前的最終整體輸出縮放。
調高: 一切(彈簧、載荷、效果)一同增強。
調低: 一切一同變柔。
設定理由: Scales overall profile strength while preserving effect balance, subject to device and output limits.
Forces
Spring strength80%
把搖桿拉回中央的基礎回中力。其他所有力都疊加在它之上。太低,正常飛行中搖桿會發軟;太高,它會與你的手較勁,並掩蓋疊加其上的細微提示。
調高: 更硬的回中,更抗手。
調低: 更軟的桿,只靠氣動載荷。
設定理由: The profile supplies the selected powered-transport resistance. The baseline spring is 0.8. Its low-speed blend reaches baseline strength at 90 KIAS.
Tu-154MSpring deadband4%
中央附近彈簧保持安靜的小中立區,讓靜止時的微小移動不會咔嗒作響。更寬更安穩但更松,更窄更精確但可能在中央附近抖動。
調高: 更安靜但更松的中央,曠量更大。
調低: 更緊的中央,靜止時可能抖動。
設定理由: Sets travel around the centre before the baseline spring resists. Smaller values engage it sooner.
Overall aerodynamic load25%
作用於兩條持續軸載荷的主縮放,在它們各自的獨立平衡之前施加。設定檔通常不動它,而是調校兩條軸載荷。
調高: 兩軸載荷一同加重。
調低: 兩軸一同減輕。
設定理由: The aerodynamic-load gain is 0.25 with an indicated-speed reference of 270 KIAS. The hydraulic-load factor of 0.35 scales that modeled term; it is a selected artificial-feel approximation.
Airspeed blendingTrue
啟用低速彈簧介入視窗(上面的起始/全強度節數)。關閉時彈簧在所有速度下恆定。
設定理由: Allows baseline spring strength to rise with indicated airspeed where the control law permits it.
Low-speed spring floor55%
在靜止、空速尚未產生氣動力之前,彈簧還剩多少。下限高,停機時搖桿結實;下限低,則是停放輕型飛機那種鋼索鬆弛的感覺。
調高: 停機和滑行時桿更結實。
調低: 停機時桿發軟,只隨速度甦醒。
設定理由: Sets low-speed spring strength as a fraction of baseline when blending is enabled. One keeps full strength.
Spring engagement start20 kt
彈簧從低速下限開始向全強度攀升的空速:起飛滑跑中操縱面"甦醒"的那一刻。
設定理由: Sets the IAS where the low-speed spring blend starts rising. This is a feel threshold, not a flight limit.
Spring engagement full90 kt
彈簧達到全強度的空速。從起點到這裡,隨著氣流在操縱面上增強,回中逐漸變硬。
設定理由: Sets the IAS where the low-speed blend reaches baseline strength; high-speed stiffening also uses it.
力回饋調校速度270
氣動載荷達到設計滿值的指示空速。它把整條載荷曲線錨定在飛機真實的速度範圍:172在110節就載滿,噴氣機要晚得多。
調高: 載荷來得更晚;桿輕到更高速度。
調低: 載荷來得更早,巡航更沉。
設定理由: Sets the IAS reference for aerodynamic loading. It is an estimate, not published cruise TAS or a flight limit.
Centre firmness vs speed0%
在偏轉載荷之外,回中本身隨速度變硬的程度。零則中央手感恆定;越大,巡航時回中越硬,起落航線上越松。
調高: 中央隨速度明顯變硬。
調低: 任何速度下中央手感恆定。
設定理由: The high-speed spring-stiffening gain is 0. No additional speed-driven stiffening is added; this does not disable independent aerodynamic loading.
Centre stiffening cap5
速度驅動的中央變硬上限,防止高速飛行把彈簧無限上緊。
調高: 高速允許更多總硬化。
調低: 硬化更早封頂。
設定理由: Limits the squared airspeed ratio used for high-speed spring stiffening; it is not a device-force cap.
Aileron load65%
由副翼偏轉和空速產生的持續橫滾載荷,獨立於俯仰調校。與升降舵載荷一起,決定評測中常說的操縱協調比。
調高: 橫滾力更重。
調低: 副翼更輕更靈。
設定理由: Roll and pitch aerodynamic scales are 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. They set the aerodynamic axis balance. No custom spring-travel curve is enabled.
Elevator load65%
由升降舵偏轉和空速產生的持續俯仰載荷,獨立於橫滾調校。這是決定機型俯仰重量的主槓桿。它不影響副翼、彈簧、配平或抖振力。
調高: 速度下持續俯仰力更重。
調低: 升降舵更輕,握持更省力。
設定理由: Scales pitch aerodynamic loading; pitch spring travel and trim responses are separate settings.
Max output force55%
每個穩態俯仰或橫滾力到達裝置前的上限,防止猛烈機動中砸擊或飽和硬體。
調高: 削波前更高的穩態力峰值。
調低: 更柔的上限;猛烈機動更早被抹平。
設定理由: Caps directed-force output. Native spring effects and device limits remain separate.
Trim
Trim relief (elevator)30%
升降舵配平緩解持續俯仰力、移動桿的安定位置的強度。在100 %時,配平得當的飛機不需要保持壓力——正是真實飛行中"用配平消掉載荷"的流程。
調高: 配平消掉更多持續力;100 %時滿配平可完全抵消。
調低: 即使配平也仍要持續用力。
設定理由: Configured pitch relief retains the represented cockpit’s trim scope. Pitch authority 0.3 relieves permitted loading; hydraulic centre movement is off. Roll authority is 0.09.
Tu-154MTrim relief (aileron)9%
橫滾配平的同類緩解。多數通航機型沒有真正的副翼配平,所以保持為零;有橫滾配平的機型獲得相應的值。
調高: 橫滾配平消掉更多持續力。
調低: 橫滾配平作用更小。
設定理由: Scales supported roll-trim relief and permitted centre movement. Zero removes roll response.
Effect gains · Ground
Runway rumble40%
由輪速和地面型別(鋪裝、草地、礫石)產生的滾動振動。
調高: 桿上更強的地面質感。
調低: 更平滑的滑行。
設定理由: Sets rolling texture strength, modified by speed, surface and undercarriage configuration.
Gear bumps32%
來自伸縮縫、車轍和粗糙地面的短促離散顛簸,為持續隆隆聲打上標點。
調高: 接縫與車轍的衝擊更清晰。
調低: 更柔的地面細節。
設定理由: Sets gear-bump texture during ground motion, separate from touchdown impact.
Effect gains · Airframe
Stall buffet30%
接近失速及失速警告響起時的機體抖動:這副機翼宣告不滿的音量。斷失乾脆的機型抖振收斂,讓喇叭承擔警告。
調高: 更強的失速前顫抖。
調低: 更含蓄的機翼;警告交給喇叭。
設定理由: Sets stall-buffet strength. Zero removes the cue without changing simulator stalls or warnings.
Mach buffet22%
接近馬赫極限的跨音速抖振。對接近MMO的噴氣機有意義,對到不了那裡的活塞機和渦槳機為零。
調高: 接近馬赫極限時更強的跨音速抖振。
調低: 高馬赫下更平滑的飛行。
設定理由: Sets high-Mach buffet strength; onset and full-strength thresholds are separate.
Flap buffet14%
襟翼伸入氣流後機體的低頻振動,發生在它們真正做功的速度視窗內。
調高: 襟翼做功時更粗糙的飛行。
調低: 更柔的進近襟翼。
設定理由: Sets flap buffet at the configured position and speed gates. Flap movement texture is separate.
Gear buffet10%
可收放起落架懸在氣流中引起的機體鼓振。固定起落架機型為零,它們的機體外形從不改變。
調高: 放起落架時更多鼓振。
調低: 放起落架飛行更乾淨。
設定理由: Sets gear aerodynamic buffet; movement and ground-contact cues are separate.
Stick shaker90%
由飛機自身失速警告系統觸發的專用抖桿器振動。只有真有抖桿器的機型才有值;其餘全靠氣動抖振和喇叭。
調高: 更硬的抖桿器。
調低: 更含蓄的抖桿器。
設定理由: Sets triggered shaker strength; inactive while the shaker feature is disabled.
Effect gains · Engine, mechanical & drag
Touchdown thump90%
機輪觸及跑道那一下的單次衝擊,按下沉率縮放:輕柔著陸是耳語,結實到達是一記悶響。
調高: 觸地時更硬的一擊。
調低: 更柔的到達。
設定理由: Sets landing-impact strength; landing telemetry and response shape determine the pulse.
Reverse rumble50%
反推或槳葉beta區工作時的滑跑振動。無反推機型為零。
調高: 反推下更粗糙的滑跑。
調低: 更含蓄的反推。
設定理由: Sets reverse-thrust vibration with valid reverser and engine conditions. Zero removes the cue.
Engine rumble6%
從慢車到全功率跟隨轉速的持續動力裝置振動——前方有東西在燒油的永恆提醒。
調高: 桿裡更多引擎。
調低: 更含蓄的引擎。
設定理由: Sets estimated engine vibration using configured telemetry and response, not measured cockpit vibration.
Flap motion12%
僅在模擬器報告襟翼舵面確實移動時的持續振動。它跟隨真實作動器的運動和故障,而非估算的計時器。
調高: 襟翼移動中更多振動。
調低: 更含蓄的襟翼行程。
設定理由: Sets texture from observed flap movement; a command without movement does not establish the cue.
Autopilot follow
AP follow authority10%
自動駕駛指令可以讓桿實際移動多遠。在MSFS中保持極小,因為移動的軸可能被讀回為飛行員輸入;零則完全停用跟隨。
調高: 自動駕駛讓你的桿移動得明顯更多。
調低: 幾乎察覺不到的跟隨。
設定理由: Sets admitted AP-follow gain, not a percentage of travel. Runtime ownership and input limits still apply.
Stick feel
StickFeel · Trim feel enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Retained for compatibility and group membership. Trim relief, rather than this flag, controls centre movement.
StickFeel · Trim relief enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Allows trim relief with supported control law and valid telemetry. Axis authorities set its amount.
StickFeel · Force trim enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables local force trim, separate from aircraft-owned trim and add-on integration qualification.
StickFeel · G load enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Allows load-factor changes to modify permitted spring laws. Passive fly-by-wire feel can suppress it.
StickFeel · Rate damping enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables rate damping with the configured coefficients and control law.
Autopilot
Autopilot · Follow enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Following is on at 0.1 authority when a supported, valid autopilot control reference is available.
Autopilot · Neutral hold enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Permits centering hold during a supported AP state, separate from following a moving target.
Autopilot · Neutral hold strength0.6
設定理由: Sets admitted AP neutral-hold strength; inactive while neutral hold is disabled.
Aero
Aero · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables aerodynamic cues; each still needs nonzero strength and its simulator conditions.
Aero · Max flap index4
Where this effect reaches full strength (or has fully faded, for washouts).
調高: a more gradual build to a later peak.
調低: a quicker build.
設定理由: Sets the final flap index for detent normalization. UP plus three detents uses maximum index3.
Aero · Min flap index2
Where this effect begins fading in.
調高: the effect begins later.
調低: it begins earlier.
設定理由: Sets the first flap detent that admits buffet; this is a handle index, not degrees.
Aero · Shaker enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Permits shaker at supported warning conditions; the switch does not establish aircraft equipment.
Ground
Ground · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables ground effects; each still needs its own strength and contact or motion telemetry.
Engine
Engine · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables engine cues with nonzero settings and valid running-engine telemetry.
Mechanical
Mechanical · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables accessory cues with configured strengths and observed accessory movement.
Mechanical · Gain0.12
The strength of this effect.
調高: a stronger effect.
調低: a weaker one.
設定理由: Sets texture from observed gear movement, separate from aerodynamic and touchdown effects.
全部設定檔設定
| 引數 | 數值 | 控制作用及原因 |
|---|---|---|
| Spring strength | 0.8 | The profile supplies the selected powered-transport resistance. The baseline spring is 0.8. Its low-speed blend reaches baseline strength at 90 KIAS. |
| Spring deadband | 0.035 | Sets travel around the centre before the baseline spring resists. Smaller values engage it sooner. |
| Force gain | 0.25 | The aerodynamic-load gain is 0.25 with an indicated-speed reference of 270 KIAS. The hydraulic-load factor of 0.35 scales that modeled term; it is a selected artificial-feel approximation. |
| Master gain | 0.85 | Scales overall profile strength while preserving effect balance, subject to device and output limits. |
| Dynamic-pressure blend | True | Allows baseline spring strength to rise with indicated airspeed where the control law permits it. |
| Minimum spring factor | 0.55 | Sets low-speed spring strength as a fraction of baseline when blending is enabled. One keeps full strength. |
| Spring wake-up speed | 20 kt | Sets the IAS where the low-speed spring blend starts rising. This is a feel threshold, not a flight limit. |
| Spring full-strength speed | 90 kt | Sets the IAS where the low-speed blend reaches baseline strength; high-speed stiffening also uses it. |
| 力回饋調校速度 | 270.0 kt | Sets the IAS reference for aerodynamic loading. It is an estimate, not published cruise TAS or a flight limit. |
| Airspeed spring stiffening | 0 | The high-speed spring-stiffening gain is 0. No additional speed-driven stiffening is added; this does not disable independent aerodynamic loading. |
| Airspeed stiffening cap | 5 | Limits the squared airspeed ratio used for high-speed spring stiffening; it is not a device-force cap. |
| Aileron force scale | 0.65 | Roll and pitch aerodynamic scales are 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. They set the aerodynamic axis balance. No custom spring-travel curve is enabled. |
| Elevator force scale | 0.65 | Scales pitch aerodynamic loading; pitch spring travel and trim responses are separate settings. |
| Maximum output force | 0.55 | Caps directed-force output. Native spring effects and device limits remain separate. |
| StickFeel · Trim feel enabled | True | Retained for compatibility and group membership. Trim relief, rather than this flag, controls centre movement. |
| StickFeel · Trim relief enabled | True | Allows trim relief with supported control law and valid telemetry. Axis authorities set its amount. |
| StickFeel · Elevator authority | 0.3 | Configured pitch relief retains the represented cockpit’s trim scope. Pitch authority 0.3 relieves permitted loading; hydraulic centre movement is off. Roll authority is 0.09. |
| StickFeel · Aileron authority | 0.09 | Scales supported roll-trim relief and permitted centre movement. Zero removes roll response. |
| StickFeel · Force trim enabled | False | Enables local force trim, separate from aircraft-owned trim and add-on integration qualification. |
| StickFeel · G load enabled | True | Allows load-factor changes to modify permitted spring laws. Passive fly-by-wire feel can suppress it. |
| StickFeel · Rate damping enabled | True | Enables rate damping with the configured coefficients and control law. |
| Autopilot · Follow enabled | True | Following is on at 0.1 authority when a supported, valid autopilot control reference is available. |
| Autopilot · Follow authority | 0.1 | Sets admitted AP-follow gain, not a percentage of travel. Runtime ownership and input limits still apply. |
| Autopilot · Neutral hold enabled | False | Permits centering hold during a supported AP state, separate from following a moving target. |
| Autopilot · Neutral hold strength | 0.6 | Sets admitted AP neutral-hold strength; inactive while neutral hold is disabled. |
| Aero · Enabled | True | Enables aerodynamic cues; each still needs nonzero strength and its simulator conditions. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.3 | Sets stall-buffet strength. Zero removes the cue without changing simulator stalls or warnings. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.22 | Sets high-Mach buffet strength; onset and full-strength thresholds are separate. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.14 | Sets flap buffet at the configured position and speed gates. Flap movement texture is separate. |
| Aero · Max flap index | 4 | Sets the final flap index for detent normalization. UP plus three detents uses maximum index3. |
| Aero · Min flap index | 2 | Sets the first flap detent that admits buffet; this is a handle index, not degrees. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.1 | Sets gear aerodynamic buffet; movement and ground-contact cues are separate. |
| Aero · Shaker enabled | True | Permits shaker at supported warning conditions; the switch does not establish aircraft equipment. |
| Aero · Amplitude | 0.9 | Sets triggered shaker strength; inactive while the shaker feature is disabled. |
| Ground · Enabled | True | Enables ground effects; each still needs its own strength and contact or motion telemetry. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.4 | Sets rolling texture strength, modified by speed, surface and undercarriage configuration. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.32 | Sets gear-bump texture during ground motion, separate from touchdown impact. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.9 | Sets landing-impact strength; landing telemetry and response shape determine the pulse. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.5 | Sets reverse-thrust vibration with valid reverser and engine conditions. Zero removes the cue. |
| Engine · Enabled | True | Enables engine cues with nonzero settings and valid running-engine telemetry. |
| Engine · Gain | 0.06 | Sets estimated engine vibration using configured telemetry and response, not measured cockpit vibration. |
| Mechanical · Enabled | True | Enables accessory cues with configured strengths and observed accessory movement. |
| Mechanical · Gain | 0.12 | Sets texture from observed flap movement; a command without movement does not establish the cue. |
| Mechanical · Gain | 0.12 | Sets texture from observed gear movement, separate from aerodynamic and touchdown effects. |
公開來源 7
- Tupolev Tu-154Research background · retrieved 2026-09-12
- Tu-154MOfficial developer / designated store catalogue ·Official developer / designated store catalogue · checked 2026-09-12
- Interview with civil aviation pilot S. L. EpishkinOleg Korytov · August 2016; translated summary of the interview
- Испытательный срок — Пилот в Песочнице 2Authorised publisher preview; selected recollections of Tu-154 flying in 2003–2004
- Отлетался, родимыйEduard Vorotnikov · 22 January 2010; translated summary
- ICAO Doc 8643 — aircraft type designatorsPublic search data retrieved 2026-09-14; authority update 2026-09-03
- Tu-154 transport aircraft, historical fleet recordCzech Ministry of Defence historical Tu-154 fleet page, technical table explicitly for Tu-154M.
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