Development milestones
Designer: Jan Vlček
First flight: 4 November 1968
Developed from: Aero L-29 Delfín
機型庫Aero Vodochody L-39
RAF-YYC from Calgary, Canada · CC BY-SA 2.0 · Aero L-39 Albatros.Aero Vodochody L-39
A tandem-seat jet trainer that also found a second life in civilian display and racing.
Military jet設定檔選項：1 個
瞭解飛機
Designed by Aero Vodochody, the L-39 Albatros was built around the training role. Instructor and student sit in tandem under separate canopy sections, with a single jet engine in the fuselage. It was widely adopted by military operators, and armed versions also served in light-attack roles.
Trainer, armed and civilian racing versions carry different equipment within the same airframe lineage. The simulator products identify their represented versions.
Aero L-39 Albatros · Specifications (L-39C) · real aircraft; source units retained
- Length
- 12.13 m (39 ft 10 in)↗
- Wingspan
- 9.46 m (31 ft 0 in)↗
- Height
- 4.77 m (15 ft 8 in)↗
- Wing area
- 18.8 m² (202 sq ft)↗
- Empty weight
- 3,455 kg (7,617 lb)↗
- Max takeoff weight
- 4,700 kg (10,362 lb)↗
- Powerplant
- 1 × Ivchenko AI-25TL turbofan engine, 16.87 kN (3,790 lbf) thrust↗
- Maximum speed
- 750 km/h (470 mph, 400 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)↗
- Range
- 1,100 km (680 mi, 590 nmi)(internal fuel)↗
- Service ceiling
- 11,000 m (36,000 ft)↗
A corporate pilot learns a different sort of jet flying
Mark already flew corporate jets when he began an L-39 checkout with Greg Morris at Gauntlet Warbirds near Chicago. The narrow cockpit, parachute and unfamiliar markings required adjustment, but the most awkward early lesson was steering with rudder pedals and a hand-operated brake. Once airborne, he found the controls light and responsive. Steep turns and a roll were exhilarating, although the pitch sensitivity made small attitude errors grow quickly.
Repeated visual circuits proved unexpectedly tiring for someone accustomed to business-jet approaches and go-arounds. Mark initially struggled to control the acceleration while turning downwind, then improved as Morris coached the timing and power changes. The engine's slow response from idle remained a central consideration throughout the training. Practice approaches simulating a flameout also made the classroom discussion of energy management more concrete. By the time he was preparing for the checkride, the once-unfamiliar cockpit felt increasingly comfortable, even if the pleasure of flying the Albatros had hardly become routine.
A former student introduces his instructor to a transformed Albatros
Hirschman had once taught Jimmy Hayes tailwheel and aerobatic flying. Years later, their roles reversed when Hayes introduced him to N395MK, an extensively rebuilt L-39 with a Garrett engine and Garmin avionics. From the raised rear cockpit, Hirschman enjoyed the visibility and balanced pitch and roll response. The speeds and altitudes involved in their aerobatics were much larger than those of the piston aircraft he usually flew.
The sustained loading during turns and over-the-top figures made the flight a physical workout. Hirschman noted that the pull force became lighter as the G loading increased, while Hayes coached him through the manoeuvres and watched their altitude. Hayes then handled the overhead approach and return to Sarasota. This account belongs to that particular L-39X conversion: its different engine, fuel arrangement and avionics are central to the experience. Hirschman enjoyed seeing his former student become the pilot introducing him to a new aircraft.
From simulator practice to the rear cockpit of OK-JET
Hančar prepared for an invited flight in OK-JET by studying the airfield and practising in a simulator. On the day, low cloud near Plzeň initially threatened the plan, but he was soon strapped into the rear cockpit with test pilot Vladimír Kvarda in front. The briefing included emergency actions and how they would communicate. Kvarda flew the departure and aerobatics, giving Hančar a vivid impression of the longer, sustained loading compared with his previous light-aircraft experiences.
Kvarda then handed over the controls for circuits. Hančar found the elevated rear-seat view excellent and the aircraft responsive, with enough time to check both instruments and the scene outside. Kvarda continued managing the gear and flaps and coaching the flight path. The landing view differed from what the simulator had prepared him for, and the first touchdown required guidance. A second circuit felt more relaxed. His Czech-language account distinguishes that supervised introduction from independent qualification, while conveying the excitement of finally experiencing a familiar simulated aircraft in the air.
公開來源 7
- Aero L-39 AlbatrosResearch background · Wikipedia revision 1372785053 · retrieved 2026-09-12
- Microsoft Flight Simulator aircraft manuals
- MSFS 2024 FAQ and edition aircraft inventory
- Flying a Real Jet: Making like MaverickRobert Mark · April 2012
- Eastern jet with a western makeoverDave Hirschman · September 2024
- L-39 OK-JET ze zadní kabinyMiroslav Hančar · 14 January 2009; flight in October 2006
- ICAO Doc 8643 — aircraft type designatorsPublic search data retrieved 2026-09-14; authority update 2026-09-03
設定檔如何建模
Aero Vodochody L-39
Free + ProMSFS 2024
Designed by Aero Vodochody, the L-39 Albatros was built around the training role. Instructor and student sit in tandem under separate canopy sections, with a single jet engine in the fuselage. It was widely adopted by military operators, and armed versions also served in light-attack roles.
This starting point selects Aero Vodochody L-39. Its aircraft-level settings do not select a particular developer’s custom systems.
Spring resistance builds with the selected airspeed response. A separate aerodynamic term adds speed-dependent control load.
Valid trim provides the configured pressure relief. Autopilot following is off.
Controls and trim
The L-39C manual describes primary controls operated through rods and levers. Balance tabs and an elevator bungee alter the effort at larger deflections. Electric pitch and left-aileron trim are separate from the flap-linked elevator tab. Hydraulic Fowler flaps and speed brakes therefore coexist with mechanically operated primary controls; their automatic speed functions do not make the stick hydraulically powered.
About the values
The gains are normalized profile settings. They describe the chosen effect balance; hand force depends on the device and its output limits. IAS references are tuning values rather than operating limits. Physical acceptance of this revision remains pending.
Master gain & control system
Master gain85%
施加於模型產出的一切、在裝置上限之前的最終整體輸出縮放。
調高: 一切(彈簧、載荷、效果)一同增強。
調低: 一切一同變柔。
設定理由: Scales overall profile strength while preserving effect balance, subject to device and output limits.
Forces
Spring strength74%
把搖桿拉回中央的基礎回中力。其他所有力都疊加在它之上。太低,正常飛行中搖桿會發軟;太高,它會與你的手較勁,並掩蓋疊加其上的細微提示。
調高: 更硬的回中,更抗手。
調低: 更軟的桿,只靠氣動載荷。
設定理由: Mechanical rods, levers and balancing devices motivate speed-dependent resistance, without recreating the elevator bungee's exact travel law. The baseline spring is 0.74. Its low-speed blend reaches baseline strength at 90 KIAS.
Aero L-39C flight manual hosted copySpring deadband4%
中央附近彈簧保持安靜的小中立區,讓靜止時的微小移動不會咔嗒作響。更寬更安穩但更松,更窄更精確但可能在中央附近抖動。
調高: 更安靜但更松的中央,曠量更大。
調低: 更緊的中央,靜止時可能抖動。
設定理由: Sets travel around the centre before the baseline spring resists. Smaller values engage it sooner.
Overall aerodynamic load80%
作用於兩條持續軸載荷的主縮放,在它們各自的獨立平衡之前施加。設定檔通常不動它,而是調校兩條軸載荷。
調高: 兩軸載荷一同加重。
調低: 兩軸一同減輕。
設定理由: The aerodynamic-load gain is 0.8 with an indicated-speed reference of 250 KIAS. This supplies speed-dependent loading alongside the spring.
Airspeed blendingTrue
啟用低速彈簧介入視窗(上面的起始/全強度節數)。關閉時彈簧在所有速度下恆定。
設定理由: Allows baseline spring strength to rise with indicated airspeed where the control law permits it.
Low-speed spring floor50%
在靜止、空速尚未產生氣動力之前,彈簧還剩多少。下限高,停機時搖桿結實;下限低,則是停放輕型飛機那種鋼索鬆弛的感覺。
調高: 停機和滑行時桿更結實。
調低: 停機時桿發軟,只隨速度甦醒。
設定理由: Sets low-speed spring strength as a fraction of baseline when blending is enabled. One keeps full strength.
Spring engagement start20 kt
彈簧從低速下限開始向全強度攀升的空速:起飛滑跑中操縱面"甦醒"的那一刻。
設定理由: Sets the IAS where the low-speed spring blend starts rising. This is a feel threshold, not a flight limit.
Spring engagement full90 kt
彈簧達到全強度的空速。從起點到這裡,隨著氣流在操縱面上增強,回中逐漸變硬。
設定理由: Sets the IAS where the low-speed blend reaches baseline strength; high-speed stiffening also uses it.
力回饋調校速度250
氣動載荷達到設計滿值的指示空速。它把整條載荷曲線錨定在飛機真實的速度範圍:172在110節就載滿,噴氣機要晚得多。
調高: 載荷來得更晚;桿輕到更高速度。
調低: 載荷來得更早,巡航更沉。
設定理由: Sets the IAS reference for aerodynamic loading. It is an estimate, not published cruise TAS or a flight limit.
Centre firmness vs speed15%
在偏轉載荷之外,回中本身隨速度變硬的程度。零則中央手感恆定;越大,巡航時回中越硬,起落航線上越松。
調高: 中央隨速度明顯變硬。
調低: 任何速度下中央手感恆定。
設定理由: The high-speed spring-stiffening gain is 0.15. It strengthens the permitted spring response above 90 KIAS, with the squared-speed ratio capped at 5.
Centre stiffening cap5
速度驅動的中央變硬上限,防止高速飛行把彈簧無限上緊。
調高: 高速允許更多總硬化。
調低: 硬化更早封頂。
設定理由: Limits the squared airspeed ratio used for high-speed spring stiffening; it is not a device-force cap.
Aileron load72%
由副翼偏轉和空速產生的持續橫滾載荷,獨立於俯仰調校。與升降舵載荷一起,決定評測中常說的操縱協調比。
調高: 橫滾力更重。
調低: 副翼更輕更靈。
設定理由: Roll and pitch aerodynamic scales are 0.72 and 1, respectively. They set the aerodynamic axis balance. No custom spring-travel curve is enabled.
Elevator load100%
由升降舵偏轉和空速產生的持續俯仰載荷,獨立於橫滾調校。這是決定機型俯仰重量的主槓桿。它不影響副翼、彈簧、配平或抖振力。
調高: 速度下持續俯仰力更重。
調低: 升降舵更輕,握持更省力。
設定理由: Scales pitch aerodynamic loading; pitch spring travel and trim responses are separate settings.
Max output force55%
每個穩態俯仰或橫滾力到達裝置前的上限,防止猛烈機動中砸擊或飽和硬體。
調高: 削波前更高的穩態力峰值。
調低: 更柔的上限;猛烈機動更早被抹平。
設定理由: Caps directed-force output. Native spring effects and device limits remain separate.
Trim
Trim relief (elevator)30%
升降舵配平緩解持續俯仰力、移動桿的安定位置的強度。在100 %時,配平得當的飛機不需要保持壓力——正是真實飛行中"用配平消掉載荷"的流程。
調高: 配平消掉更多持續力;100 %時滿配平可完全抵消。
調低: 即使配平也仍要持續用力。
設定理由: Electric elevator trim provides the pitch-trim mechanism. The documented left-aileron trim is distinct from rudder trim and from the flap-linked tab. Pitch authority 0.3 provides load relief and permitted centre movement; roll authority is 0.
Aero L-39C flight manual hosted copyTrim relief (aileron)0%
橫滾配平的同類緩解。多數通航機型沒有真正的副翼配平,所以保持為零;有橫滾配平的機型獲得相應的值。
調高: 橫滾配平消掉更多持續力。
調低: 橫滾配平作用更小。
設定理由: Scales supported roll-trim relief and permitted centre movement. Zero removes roll response.
Effect gains · Ground
Runway rumble40%
由輪速和地面型別(鋪裝、草地、礫石)產生的滾動振動。
調高: 桿上更強的地面質感。
調低: 更平滑的滑行。
設定理由: Sets rolling texture strength, modified by speed, surface and undercarriage configuration.
Gear bumps25%
來自伸縮縫、車轍和粗糙地面的短促離散顛簸,為持續隆隆聲打上標點。
調高: 接縫與車轍的衝擊更清晰。
調低: 更柔的地面細節。
設定理由: Sets gear-bump texture during ground motion, separate from touchdown impact.
Effect gains · Airframe
Stall buffet35%
接近失速及失速警告響起時的機體抖動:這副機翼宣告不滿的音量。斷失乾脆的機型抖振收斂,讓喇叭承擔警告。
調高: 更強的失速前顫抖。
調低: 更含蓄的機翼;警告交給喇叭。
設定理由: Sets stall-buffet strength. Zero removes the cue without changing simulator stalls or warnings.
Mach buffet0%
接近馬赫極限的跨音速抖振。對接近MMO的噴氣機有意義,對到不了那裡的活塞機和渦槳機為零。
調高: 接近馬赫極限時更強的跨音速抖振。
調低: 高馬赫下更平滑的飛行。
設定理由: Sets high-Mach buffet strength; onset and full-strength thresholds are separate.
Flap buffet14%
襟翼伸入氣流後機體的低頻振動,發生在它們真正做功的速度視窗內。
調高: 襟翼做功時更粗糙的飛行。
調低: 更柔的進近襟翼。
設定理由: Sets flap buffet at the configured position and speed gates. Flap movement texture is separate.
Gear buffet10%
可收放起落架懸在氣流中引起的機體鼓振。固定起落架機型為零,它們的機體外形從不改變。
調高: 放起落架時更多鼓振。
調低: 放起落架飛行更乾淨。
設定理由: Sets gear aerodynamic buffet; movement and ground-contact cues are separate.
Stick shaker50%
由飛機自身失速警告系統觸發的專用抖桿器振動。只有真有抖桿器的機型才有值;其餘全靠氣動抖振和喇叭。
調高: 更硬的抖桿器。
調低: 更含蓄的抖桿器。
設定理由: Sets triggered shaker strength; inactive while the shaker feature is disabled.
Effect gains · Engine, mechanical & drag
Touchdown thump65%
機輪觸及跑道那一下的單次衝擊,按下沉率縮放:輕柔著陸是耳語,結實到達是一記悶響。
調高: 觸地時更硬的一擊。
調低: 更柔的到達。
設定理由: Sets landing-impact strength; landing telemetry and response shape determine the pulse.
Reverse rumble0%
反推或槳葉beta區工作時的滑跑振動。無反推機型為零。
調高: 反推下更粗糙的滑跑。
調低: 更含蓄的反推。
設定理由: Sets reverse-thrust vibration with valid reverser and engine conditions. Zero removes the cue.
Engine rumble6%
從慢車到全功率跟隨轉速的持續動力裝置振動——前方有東西在燒油的永恆提醒。
調高: 桿裡更多引擎。
調低: 更含蓄的引擎。
設定理由: Sets estimated engine vibration using configured telemetry and response, not measured cockpit vibration.
Flap motion12%
僅在模擬器報告襟翼舵面確實移動時的持續振動。它跟隨真實作動器的運動和故障,而非估算的計時器。
調高: 襟翼移動中更多振動。
調低: 更含蓄的襟翼行程。
設定理由: Sets texture from observed flap movement; a command without movement does not establish the cue.
Autopilot follow
AP follow authority10%
自動駕駛指令可以讓桿實際移動多遠。在MSFS中保持極小,因為移動的軸可能被讀回為飛行員輸入;零則完全停用跟隨。
調高: 自動駕駛讓你的桿移動得明顯更多。
調低: 幾乎察覺不到的跟隨。
設定理由: Sets admitted AP-follow gain, not a percentage of travel. Runtime ownership and input limits still apply.
Stick feel
StickFeel · Trim feel enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Retained for compatibility and group membership. Trim relief, rather than this flag, controls centre movement.
StickFeel · Trim relief enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Allows trim relief with supported control law and valid telemetry. Axis authorities set its amount.
StickFeel · Force trim enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables local force trim, separate from aircraft-owned trim and add-on integration qualification.
StickFeel · G load enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Allows load-factor changes to modify permitted spring laws. Passive fly-by-wire feel can suppress it.
StickFeel · Rate damping enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables rate damping with the configured coefficients and control law.
Autopilot
Autopilot · Follow enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Autopilot following is off; the configured spring and load retain the hardware feel.
Autopilot · Neutral hold enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Permits centering hold during a supported AP state, separate from following a moving target.
Autopilot · Neutral hold strength0.6
設定理由: Sets admitted AP neutral-hold strength; inactive while neutral hold is disabled.
Aero
Aero · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables aerodynamic cues; each still needs nonzero strength and its simulator conditions.
Aero · Max flap index2
Where this effect reaches full strength (or has fully faded, for washouts).
調高: a more gradual build to a later peak.
調低: a quicker build.
設定理由: Sets the final flap index for detent normalization. UP plus three detents uses maximum index3.
Aero · Min flap index2
Where this effect begins fading in.
調高: the effect begins later.
調低: it begins earlier.
設定理由: Sets the first flap detent that admits buffet; this is a handle index, not degrees.
Aero · Shaker enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Permits shaker at supported warning conditions; the switch does not establish aircraft equipment.
Ground
Ground · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables ground effects; each still needs its own strength and contact or motion telemetry.
Engine
Engine · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables engine cues with nonzero settings and valid running-engine telemetry.
Mechanical
Mechanical · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
設定理由: Enables accessory cues with configured strengths and observed accessory movement.
Mechanical · Gain0.12
The strength of this effect.
調高: a stronger effect.
調低: a weaker one.
設定理由: Sets texture from observed gear movement, separate from aerodynamic and touchdown effects.
全部設定檔設定
| 引數 | 數值 | 控制作用及原因 |
|---|---|---|
| Spring strength | 0.74 | Mechanical rods, levers and balancing devices motivate speed-dependent resistance, without recreating the elevator bungee's exact travel law. The baseline spring is 0.74. Its low-speed blend reaches baseline strength at 90 KIAS. |
| Spring deadband | 0.045 | Sets travel around the centre before the baseline spring resists. Smaller values engage it sooner. |
| Force gain | 0.8 | The aerodynamic-load gain is 0.8 with an indicated-speed reference of 250 KIAS. This supplies speed-dependent loading alongside the spring. |
| Master gain | 0.85 | Scales overall profile strength while preserving effect balance, subject to device and output limits. |
| Dynamic-pressure blend | True | Allows baseline spring strength to rise with indicated airspeed where the control law permits it. |
| Minimum spring factor | 0.5 | Sets low-speed spring strength as a fraction of baseline when blending is enabled. One keeps full strength. |
| Spring wake-up speed | 20 kt | Sets the IAS where the low-speed spring blend starts rising. This is a feel threshold, not a flight limit. |
| Spring full-strength speed | 90 kt | Sets the IAS where the low-speed blend reaches baseline strength; high-speed stiffening also uses it. |
| 力回饋調校速度 | 250.0 kt | Sets the IAS reference for aerodynamic loading. It is an estimate, not published cruise TAS or a flight limit. |
| Airspeed spring stiffening | 0.15 | The high-speed spring-stiffening gain is 0.15. It strengthens the permitted spring response above 90 KIAS, with the squared-speed ratio capped at 5. |
| Airspeed stiffening cap | 5 | Limits the squared airspeed ratio used for high-speed spring stiffening; it is not a device-force cap. |
| Aileron force scale | 0.72 | Roll and pitch aerodynamic scales are 0.72 and 1, respectively. They set the aerodynamic axis balance. No custom spring-travel curve is enabled. |
| Elevator force scale | 1.0 | Scales pitch aerodynamic loading; pitch spring travel and trim responses are separate settings. |
| Maximum output force | 0.55 | Caps directed-force output. Native spring effects and device limits remain separate. |
| StickFeel · Trim feel enabled | True | Retained for compatibility and group membership. Trim relief, rather than this flag, controls centre movement. |
| StickFeel · Trim relief enabled | True | Allows trim relief with supported control law and valid telemetry. Axis authorities set its amount. |
| StickFeel · Elevator authority | 0.3 | Electric elevator trim provides the pitch-trim mechanism. The documented left-aileron trim is distinct from rudder trim and from the flap-linked tab. Pitch authority 0.3 provides load relief and permitted centre movement; roll authority is 0. |
| StickFeel · Aileron authority | 0 | Scales supported roll-trim relief and permitted centre movement. Zero removes roll response. |
| StickFeel · Force trim enabled | False | Enables local force trim, separate from aircraft-owned trim and add-on integration qualification. |
| StickFeel · G load enabled | True | Allows load-factor changes to modify permitted spring laws. Passive fly-by-wire feel can suppress it. |
| StickFeel · Rate damping enabled | True | Enables rate damping with the configured coefficients and control law. |
| Autopilot · Follow enabled | False | Autopilot following is off; the configured spring and load retain the hardware feel. |
| Autopilot · Follow authority | 0.1 | Sets admitted AP-follow gain, not a percentage of travel. Runtime ownership and input limits still apply. |
| Autopilot · Neutral hold enabled | False | Permits centering hold during a supported AP state, separate from following a moving target. |
| Autopilot · Neutral hold strength | 0.6 | Sets admitted AP neutral-hold strength; inactive while neutral hold is disabled. |
| Aero · Enabled | True | Enables aerodynamic cues; each still needs nonzero strength and its simulator conditions. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.35 | Sets stall-buffet strength. Zero removes the cue without changing simulator stalls or warnings. |
| Aero · Gain | 0 | Sets high-Mach buffet strength; onset and full-strength thresholds are separate. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.14 | Sets flap buffet at the configured position and speed gates. Flap movement texture is separate. |
| Aero · Max flap index | 2 | Sets the final flap index for detent normalization. UP plus three detents uses maximum index3. |
| Aero · Min flap index | 2 | Sets the first flap detent that admits buffet; this is a handle index, not degrees. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.1 | Sets gear aerodynamic buffet; movement and ground-contact cues are separate. |
| Aero · Shaker enabled | False | Permits shaker at supported warning conditions; the switch does not establish aircraft equipment. |
| Aero · Amplitude | 0.5 | Sets triggered shaker strength; inactive while the shaker feature is disabled. |
| Ground · Enabled | True | Enables ground effects; each still needs its own strength and contact or motion telemetry. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.4 | Sets rolling texture strength, modified by speed, surface and undercarriage configuration. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.25 | Sets gear-bump texture during ground motion, separate from touchdown impact. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.65 | Sets landing-impact strength; landing telemetry and response shape determine the pulse. |
| Ground · Gain | 0 | Sets reverse-thrust vibration with valid reverser and engine conditions. Zero removes the cue. |
| Engine · Enabled | True | Enables engine cues with nonzero settings and valid running-engine telemetry. |
| Engine · Gain | 0.06 | Sets estimated engine vibration using configured telemetry and response, not measured cockpit vibration. |
| Mechanical · Enabled | True | Enables accessory cues with configured strengths and observed accessory movement. |
| Mechanical · Gain | 0.12 | Sets texture from observed flap movement; a command without movement does not establish the cue. |
| Mechanical · Gain | 0.12 | Sets texture from observed gear movement, separate from aerodynamic and touchdown effects. |
公開來源 8
- Aero L-39 AlbatrosResearch background · Wikipedia revision 1372785053 · retrieved 2026-09-12
- Aero L-39C flight manual hosted copyAero Vodochody L-39
- Microsoft Flight Simulator aircraft manuals
- MSFS 2024 FAQ and edition aircraft inventory
- Flying a Real Jet: Making like MaverickRobert Mark · April 2012
- Eastern jet with a western makeoverDave Hirschman · September 2024
- L-39 OK-JET ze zadní kabinyMiroslav Hančar · 14 January 2009; flight in October 2006
- ICAO Doc 8643 — aircraft type designatorsPublic search data retrieved 2026-09-14; authority update 2026-09-03
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