Development milestones
Designer: Tupolev Design Bureau
First flight: 4 October 1968 ( 1968-10-04 )
机型库Tupolev Tu-154
Pedro Aragão · CC BY-SA 3.0 · An East Line Tupolev Tu-154M.Tupolev Tu-154
A three-engine airliner that became a mainstay of Soviet and Russian passenger transport.
Airliner配置文件选项：1 个
了解飞机
Tupolev designed the Tu-154 in the 1960s for medium-range routes. Three rear-mounted engines and a high horizontal tail formed its outline. It served across the Soviet Union, its successor states and overseas airlines. Felis represents the Tu-154M; the original product and community continuations support different versions.
Tu-154M in Czech government service; the B-2 uses different engines and weights.
A move into the Tu-154 brings a different pace of work
Epishkin had hoped to move to the Il-76, but that opportunity did not work out. He eventually accepted the invitation to join Tu-154 flying at Minsk. Compared with the Yak-40, the larger aircraft demanded closer attention as speed built after a change of attitude. The adjustment was part of learning a more complicated machine.
He was comfortable remaining a copilot after his earlier experience in command. In the interview, he describes the captain’s work as keeping track of the engineer, navigator and other pilot while also doing his own job. Having already known the responsibilities of command, Epishkin did not feel driven to repeat that career step.
Learning the same aircraft through different captains
Okan remembered beginning Tu-154 airline work in Krasnoyarsk with three experienced captains whose methods were broadly consistent. As a very new copilot, he welcomed their continuing instruction and credited them with teaching him well within the circumstances of the time. Their similar approach gave him a relatively steady introduction to the aircraft.
Moving to Sibir brought captains with more individual preferences. He learned that a technique accepted on one flight might be criticised on another. Later, among crews drawn from several different backgrounds in Moscow, he was struck by how the same aircraft and operating manual could produce different interpretations.
Leaving the Tupolev closes a chapter of a pilot’s life
Kochemasov’s diary marked the end of his Tu-154 years with sadness. Almost a decade had passed since he first took its controls, and moving on felt like closing a chapter of his life. Even after conversion to another airliner, the Tupolev remained the aircraft against which he found himself making comparisons.
The interview does not present that attachment as an inability to enjoy the new work. He also recalled his first flight as a Boeing 737 captain with pleasure. Affection for the Tu-154 coexisted with the satisfaction of learning and flying its successor.
公开来源 7
- Tupolev Tu-154Research background · retrieved 2026-09-12
- Tu-154MOfficial developer / designated store catalogue · checked 2026-09-12
- Interview with civil aviation pilot S. L. EpishkinOleg Korytov · August 2016; translated summary of the interview
- Испытательный срок — Пилот в Песочнице 2Authorised publisher preview; selected recollections of Tu-154 flying in 2003–2004
- Отлетался, родимыйEduard Vorotnikov · 22 January 2010; translated summary
- ICAO Doc 8643 — aircraft type designatorsPublic search data retrieved 2026-09-14; authority update 2026-09-03
- Tu-154 transport aircraft, historical fleet recordCzech Ministry of Defence historical Tu-154 fleet page, technical table explicitly for Tu-154M.
配置文件如何建模
Tupolev Tu-154
Free + ProX-Plane 11
Tupolev designed the Tu-154 in the 1960s for medium-range routes. Three rear-mounted engines and a high horizontal tail formed its outline. It served across the Soviet Union, its successor states and overseas airlines. Felis represents the Tu-154M; the original product and community continuations support different versions.
This starting point selects Tupolev Tu-154. Its aircraft-level settings do not select a particular developer’s custom systems.
The profile supplies the selected powered-transport resistance. Spring resistance builds with the selected airspeed response. A separate aerodynamic term adds speed-dependent control load.
Configured pitch relief retains the represented cockpit’s trim scope. Valid trim provides the configured pressure relief. Autopilot following is enabled for supported control references.
Controls and trim
The Tu154M uses three rear-mounted engines and a high tail for medium-range transport. Felis’ original simulation and community continuations have separately identified versions around the cockpit’s period automatic-flight and crew systems.
About the values
The gains are normalized profile settings. They describe the chosen effect balance; hand force depends on the device and its output limits. IAS references are tuning values rather than operating limits. Physical acceptance of this revision remains pending.
Master gain & control system
Master gain85%
施加于模型产出的一切、在设备上限之前的最终整体输出缩放。
调高: 一切(弹簧、载荷、效果)一同增强。
调低: 一切一同变柔。
设定理由: Scales overall profile strength while preserving effect balance, subject to device and output limits.
Forces
Spring strength80%
把摇杆拉回中央的基础回中力。其他所有力都叠加在它之上。太低,正常飞行中摇杆会发软;太高,它会与你的手较劲,并掩盖叠加其上的细微提示。
调高: 更硬的回中,更抗手。
调低: 更软的杆,只靠气动载荷。
设定理由: The profile supplies the selected powered-transport resistance. The baseline spring is 0.8. Its low-speed blend reaches baseline strength at 90 KIAS.
Tu-154MSpring deadband4%
中央附近弹簧保持安静的小中立区,让静止时的微小移动不会咔嗒作响。更宽更安稳但更松,更窄更精确但可能在中央附近抖动。
调高: 更安静但更松的中央,旷量更大。
调低: 更紧的中央,静止时可能抖动。
设定理由: Sets travel around the centre before the baseline spring resists. Smaller values engage it sooner.
Overall aerodynamic load25%
作用于两条持续轴载荷的主缩放,在它们各自的独立平衡之前施加。配置文件通常不动它,而是调校两条轴载荷。
调高: 两轴载荷一同加重。
调低: 两轴一同减轻。
设定理由: The aerodynamic-load gain is 0.25 with an indicated-speed reference of 270 KIAS. The hydraulic-load factor of 0.35 scales that modeled term; it is a selected artificial-feel approximation.
Airspeed blendingTrue
启用低速弹簧介入窗口(上面的起始/全强度节数)。关闭时弹簧在所有速度下恒定。
设定理由: Allows baseline spring strength to rise with indicated airspeed where the control law permits it.
Low-speed spring floor55%
在静止、空速尚未产生气动力之前,弹簧还剩多少。下限高,停机时摇杆结实;下限低,则是停放轻型飞机那种钢索松弛的感觉。
调高: 停机和滑行时杆更结实。
调低: 停机时杆发软,只随速度苏醒。
设定理由: Sets low-speed spring strength as a fraction of baseline when blending is enabled. One keeps full strength.
Spring engagement start20 kt
弹簧从低速下限开始向全强度攀升的空速:起飞滑跑中操纵面"苏醒"的那一刻。
设定理由: Sets the IAS where the low-speed spring blend starts rising. This is a feel threshold, not a flight limit.
Spring engagement full90 kt
弹簧达到全强度的空速。从起点到这里,随着气流在操纵面上增强,回中逐渐变硬。
设定理由: Sets the IAS where the low-speed blend reaches baseline strength; high-speed stiffening also uses it.
力反馈调校速度270
气动载荷达到设计满值的指示空速。它把整条载荷曲线锚定在飞机真实的速度范围:172在110节就载满,喷气机要晚得多。
调高: 载荷来得更晚;杆轻到更高速度。
调低: 载荷来得更早,巡航更沉。
设定理由: Sets the IAS reference for aerodynamic loading. It is an estimate, not published cruise TAS or a flight limit.
Centre firmness vs speed0%
在偏转载荷之外,回中本身随速度变硬的程度。零则中央手感恒定;越大,巡航时回中越硬,起落航线上越松。
调高: 中央随速度明显变硬。
调低: 任何速度下中央手感恒定。
设定理由: The high-speed spring-stiffening gain is 0. No additional speed-driven stiffening is added; this does not disable independent aerodynamic loading.
Centre stiffening cap5
速度驱动的中央变硬上限,防止高速飞行把弹簧无限上紧。
调高: 高速允许更多总硬化。
调低: 硬化更早封顶。
设定理由: Limits the squared airspeed ratio used for high-speed spring stiffening; it is not a device-force cap.
Aileron load65%
由副翼偏转和空速产生的持续横滚载荷,独立于俯仰调校。与升降舵载荷一起,决定评测中常说的操纵协调比。
调高: 横滚力更重。
调低: 副翼更轻更灵。
设定理由: Roll and pitch aerodynamic scales are 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. They set the aerodynamic axis balance. No custom spring-travel curve is enabled.
Elevator load65%
由升降舵偏转和空速产生的持续俯仰载荷,独立于横滚调校。这是决定机型俯仰重量的主杠杆。它不影响副翼、弹簧、配平或抖振力。
调高: 速度下持续俯仰力更重。
调低: 升降舵更轻,握持更省力。
设定理由: Scales pitch aerodynamic loading; pitch spring travel and trim responses are separate settings.
Max output force55%
每个稳态俯仰或横滚力到达设备前的上限,防止猛烈机动中砸击或饱和硬件。
调高: 削波前更高的稳态力峰值。
调低: 更柔的上限;猛烈机动更早被抹平。
设定理由: Caps directed-force output. Native spring effects and device limits remain separate.
Trim
Trim relief (elevator)30%
升降舵配平缓解持续俯仰力、移动杆的安定位置的强度。在100 %时,配平得当的飞机不需要保持压力——正是真实飞行中"用配平消掉载荷"的流程。
调高: 配平消掉更多持续力;100 %时满配平可完全抵消。
调低: 即使配平也仍要持续用力。
设定理由: Configured pitch relief retains the represented cockpit’s trim scope. Pitch authority 0.3 relieves permitted loading; hydraulic centre movement is off. Roll authority is 0.09.
Tu-154MTrim relief (aileron)9%
横滚配平的同类缓解。多数通航机型没有真正的副翼配平,所以保持为零;有横滚配平的机型获得相应的值。
调高: 横滚配平消掉更多持续力。
调低: 横滚配平作用更小。
设定理由: Scales supported roll-trim relief and permitted centre movement. Zero removes roll response.
Effect gains · Ground
Runway rumble40%
由轮速和地面类型(铺装、草地、砾石)产生的滚动振动。
调高: 杆上更强的地面质感。
调低: 更平滑的滑行。
设定理由: Sets rolling texture strength, modified by speed, surface and undercarriage configuration.
Gear bumps32%
来自伸缩缝、车辙和粗糙地面的短促离散颠簸,为持续隆隆声打上标点。
调高: 接缝与车辙的冲击更清晰。
调低: 更柔的地面细节。
设定理由: Sets gear-bump texture during ground motion, separate from touchdown impact.
Effect gains · Airframe
Stall buffet30%
接近失速及失速警告响起时的机体抖动:这副机翼宣告不满的音量。断失干脆的机型抖振收敛,让喇叭承担警告。
调高: 更强的失速前颤抖。
调低: 更含蓄的机翼;警告交给喇叭。
设定理由: Sets stall-buffet strength. Zero removes the cue without changing simulator stalls or warnings.
Mach buffet22%
接近马赫极限的跨音速抖振。对接近MMO的喷气机有意义,对到不了那里的活塞机和涡桨机为零。
调高: 接近马赫极限时更强的跨音速抖振。
调低: 高马赫下更平滑的飞行。
设定理由: Sets high-Mach buffet strength; onset and full-strength thresholds are separate.
Flap buffet14%
襟翼伸入气流后机体的低频振动,发生在它们真正做功的速度窗口内。
调高: 襟翼做功时更粗糙的飞行。
调低: 更柔的进近襟翼。
设定理由: Sets flap buffet at the configured position and speed gates. Flap movement texture is separate.
Gear buffet10%
可收放起落架悬在气流中引起的机体鼓振。固定起落架机型为零,它们的机体外形从不改变。
调高: 放起落架时更多鼓振。
调低: 放起落架飞行更干净。
设定理由: Sets gear aerodynamic buffet; movement and ground-contact cues are separate.
Stick shaker90%
由飞机自身失速警告系统触发的专用抖杆器振动。只有真有抖杆器的机型才有值;其余全靠气动抖振和喇叭。
调高: 更硬的抖杆器。
调低: 更含蓄的抖杆器。
设定理由: Sets triggered shaker strength; inactive while the shaker feature is disabled.
Effect gains · Engine, mechanical & drag
Touchdown thump90%
机轮触及跑道那一下的单次冲击,按下沉率缩放:轻柔着陆是耳语,结实到达是一记闷响。
调高: 触地时更硬的一击。
调低: 更柔的到达。
设定理由: Sets landing-impact strength; landing telemetry and response shape determine the pulse.
Reverse rumble50%
反推或桨叶beta区工作时的滑跑振动。无反推机型为零。
调高: 反推下更粗糙的滑跑。
调低: 更含蓄的反推。
设定理由: Sets reverse-thrust vibration with valid reverser and engine conditions. Zero removes the cue.
Engine rumble6%
从慢车到全功率跟随转速的持续动力装置振动——前方有东西在烧油的永恒提醒。
调高: 杆里更多发动机。
调低: 更含蓄的发动机。
设定理由: Sets estimated engine vibration using configured telemetry and response, not measured cockpit vibration.
Flap motion12%
仅在模拟器报告襟翼舵面确实移动时的持续振动。它跟随真实作动器的运动和故障,而非估算的计时器。
调高: 襟翼移动中更多振动。
调低: 更含蓄的襟翼行程。
设定理由: Sets texture from observed flap movement; a command without movement does not establish the cue.
Autopilot follow
AP follow authority10%
自动驾驶指令可以让杆实际移动多远。在MSFS中保持极小,因为移动的轴可能被读回为飞行员输入;零则完全禁用跟随。
调高: 自动驾驶让你的杆移动得明显更多。
调低: 几乎察觉不到的跟随。
设定理由: Sets admitted AP-follow gain, not a percentage of travel. Runtime ownership and input limits still apply.
Stick feel
StickFeel · Trim feel enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Retained for compatibility and group membership. Trim relief, rather than this flag, controls centre movement.
StickFeel · Trim relief enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Allows trim relief with supported control law and valid telemetry. Axis authorities set its amount.
StickFeel · Force trim enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Enables local force trim, separate from aircraft-owned trim and add-on integration qualification.
StickFeel · G load enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Allows load-factor changes to modify permitted spring laws. Passive fly-by-wire feel can suppress it.
StickFeel · Rate damping enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Enables rate damping with the configured coefficients and control law.
Autopilot
Autopilot · Follow enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Following is on at 0.1 authority when a supported, valid autopilot control reference is available.
Autopilot · Neutral hold enabledFalse
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Permits centering hold during a supported AP state, separate from following a moving target.
Autopilot · Neutral hold strength0.6
设定理由: Sets admitted AP neutral-hold strength; inactive while neutral hold is disabled.
Aero
Aero · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Enables aerodynamic cues; each still needs nonzero strength and its simulator conditions.
Aero · Max flap index4
Where this effect reaches full strength (or has fully faded, for washouts).
调高: a more gradual build to a later peak.
调低: a quicker build.
设定理由: Sets the final flap index for detent normalization. UP plus three detents uses maximum index3.
Aero · Min flap index2
Where this effect begins fading in.
调高: the effect begins later.
调低: it begins earlier.
设定理由: Sets the first flap detent that admits buffet; this is a handle index, not degrees.
Aero · Shaker enabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Permits shaker at supported warning conditions; the switch does not establish aircraft equipment.
Ground
Ground · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Enables ground effects; each still needs its own strength and contact or motion telemetry.
Engine
Engine · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Enables engine cues with nonzero settings and valid running-engine telemetry.
Mechanical
Mechanical · EnabledTrue
Whether this feature is active in this profile.
设定理由: Enables accessory cues with configured strengths and observed accessory movement.
Mechanical · Gain0.12
The strength of this effect.
调高: a stronger effect.
调低: a weaker one.
设定理由: Sets texture from observed gear movement, separate from aerodynamic and touchdown effects.
全部配置文件设置
| 参数 | 数值 | 控制作用及原因 |
|---|---|---|
| Spring strength | 0.8 | The profile supplies the selected powered-transport resistance. The baseline spring is 0.8. Its low-speed blend reaches baseline strength at 90 KIAS. |
| Spring deadband | 0.035 | Sets travel around the centre before the baseline spring resists. Smaller values engage it sooner. |
| Force gain | 0.25 | The aerodynamic-load gain is 0.25 with an indicated-speed reference of 270 KIAS. The hydraulic-load factor of 0.35 scales that modeled term; it is a selected artificial-feel approximation. |
| Master gain | 0.85 | Scales overall profile strength while preserving effect balance, subject to device and output limits. |
| Dynamic-pressure blend | True | Allows baseline spring strength to rise with indicated airspeed where the control law permits it. |
| Minimum spring factor | 0.55 | Sets low-speed spring strength as a fraction of baseline when blending is enabled. One keeps full strength. |
| Spring wake-up speed | 20 kt | Sets the IAS where the low-speed spring blend starts rising. This is a feel threshold, not a flight limit. |
| Spring full-strength speed | 90 kt | Sets the IAS where the low-speed blend reaches baseline strength; high-speed stiffening also uses it. |
| 力反馈调校速度 | 270.0 kt | Sets the IAS reference for aerodynamic loading. It is an estimate, not published cruise TAS or a flight limit. |
| Airspeed spring stiffening | 0 | The high-speed spring-stiffening gain is 0. No additional speed-driven stiffening is added; this does not disable independent aerodynamic loading. |
| Airspeed stiffening cap | 5 | Limits the squared airspeed ratio used for high-speed spring stiffening; it is not a device-force cap. |
| Aileron force scale | 0.65 | Roll and pitch aerodynamic scales are 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. They set the aerodynamic axis balance. No custom spring-travel curve is enabled. |
| Elevator force scale | 0.65 | Scales pitch aerodynamic loading; pitch spring travel and trim responses are separate settings. |
| Maximum output force | 0.55 | Caps directed-force output. Native spring effects and device limits remain separate. |
| StickFeel · Trim feel enabled | True | Retained for compatibility and group membership. Trim relief, rather than this flag, controls centre movement. |
| StickFeel · Trim relief enabled | True | Allows trim relief with supported control law and valid telemetry. Axis authorities set its amount. |
| StickFeel · Elevator authority | 0.3 | Configured pitch relief retains the represented cockpit’s trim scope. Pitch authority 0.3 relieves permitted loading; hydraulic centre movement is off. Roll authority is 0.09. |
| StickFeel · Aileron authority | 0.09 | Scales supported roll-trim relief and permitted centre movement. Zero removes roll response. |
| StickFeel · Force trim enabled | False | Enables local force trim, separate from aircraft-owned trim and add-on integration qualification. |
| StickFeel · G load enabled | True | Allows load-factor changes to modify permitted spring laws. Passive fly-by-wire feel can suppress it. |
| StickFeel · Rate damping enabled | True | Enables rate damping with the configured coefficients and control law. |
| Autopilot · Follow enabled | True | Following is on at 0.1 authority when a supported, valid autopilot control reference is available. |
| Autopilot · Follow authority | 0.1 | Sets admitted AP-follow gain, not a percentage of travel. Runtime ownership and input limits still apply. |
| Autopilot · Neutral hold enabled | False | Permits centering hold during a supported AP state, separate from following a moving target. |
| Autopilot · Neutral hold strength | 0.6 | Sets admitted AP neutral-hold strength; inactive while neutral hold is disabled. |
| Aero · Enabled | True | Enables aerodynamic cues; each still needs nonzero strength and its simulator conditions. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.3 | Sets stall-buffet strength. Zero removes the cue without changing simulator stalls or warnings. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.22 | Sets high-Mach buffet strength; onset and full-strength thresholds are separate. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.14 | Sets flap buffet at the configured position and speed gates. Flap movement texture is separate. |
| Aero · Max flap index | 4 | Sets the final flap index for detent normalization. UP plus three detents uses maximum index3. |
| Aero · Min flap index | 2 | Sets the first flap detent that admits buffet; this is a handle index, not degrees. |
| Aero · Gain | 0.1 | Sets gear aerodynamic buffet; movement and ground-contact cues are separate. |
| Aero · Shaker enabled | True | Permits shaker at supported warning conditions; the switch does not establish aircraft equipment. |
| Aero · Amplitude | 0.9 | Sets triggered shaker strength; inactive while the shaker feature is disabled. |
| Ground · Enabled | True | Enables ground effects; each still needs its own strength and contact or motion telemetry. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.4 | Sets rolling texture strength, modified by speed, surface and undercarriage configuration. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.32 | Sets gear-bump texture during ground motion, separate from touchdown impact. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.9 | Sets landing-impact strength; landing telemetry and response shape determine the pulse. |
| Ground · Gain | 0.5 | Sets reverse-thrust vibration with valid reverser and engine conditions. Zero removes the cue. |
| Engine · Enabled | True | Enables engine cues with nonzero settings and valid running-engine telemetry. |
| Engine · Gain | 0.06 | Sets estimated engine vibration using configured telemetry and response, not measured cockpit vibration. |
| Mechanical · Enabled | True | Enables accessory cues with configured strengths and observed accessory movement. |
| Mechanical · Gain | 0.12 | Sets texture from observed flap movement; a command without movement does not establish the cue. |
| Mechanical · Gain | 0.12 | Sets texture from observed gear movement, separate from aerodynamic and touchdown effects. |
公开来源 7
- Tupolev Tu-154Research background · retrieved 2026-09-12
- Tu-154MOfficial developer / designated store catalogue ·Official developer / designated store catalogue · checked 2026-09-12
- Interview with civil aviation pilot S. L. EpishkinOleg Korytov · August 2016; translated summary of the interview
- Испытательный срок — Пилот в Песочнице 2Authorised publisher preview; selected recollections of Tu-154 flying in 2003–2004
- Отлетался, родимыйEduard Vorotnikov · 22 January 2010; translated summary
- ICAO Doc 8643 — aircraft type designatorsPublic search data retrieved 2026-09-14; authority update 2026-09-03
- Tu-154 transport aircraft, historical fleet recordCzech Ministry of Defence historical Tu-154 fleet page, technical table explicitly for Tu-154M.
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